How does Narcan (naloxone) work in an overdose?

Key Points

• Naloxone (Narcan) works in an overdose by reversing serious or deadly central nervous system (CNS) depression due to opioids (narcotics), including depressed breathing, extreme drowsiness and loss of consciousness. This effect usually occurs in minutes.
• Naloxone is considered a pure opioid antagonist and it works by blocking opioid receptors in the body.
• Naloxone is a standard treatment in the setting of an opioid (narcotic) overdose.

Naloxone and opioid medications compete for the same receptor sites. Evidence suggests that naloxone reverses opioid effects by competing for the mu, kappa and sigma opiate receptor sites in the central nervous system, with the greatest affinity for the mu receptor.

After using Narcan (naloxone) in an emergency opioid overdose, always call 911 right away, even if the person wakes up. Since the duration of action of some opioids may exceed that of naloxone, repeat doses may be needed. Keep the patient under continued surveillance until emergency personnel arrive.

What is Narcan (naloxone)?

• Naloxone, also commonly known as Narcan, rapidly reverses the life-threatening effects of an opioid (narcotic) overdose.
• It is often used by first responders and can be administered by lay-people, family members or friends.
• In the U.S., naloxone has been available in injection form to reverse the effects of opioid overdose for more than 40 years.

Narcan can reverse overdose effects, including respiratory depression, sedation, and loss of consciousness, usually within several minutes. Repeated doses of naloxone may be necessary until emergency help arrives. In patients dependent upon opioids, naloxone can cause a severe withdrawal effect.

Naloxone and the brand name Narcan Nasal Spray is now available at most U.S. pharmacies without a prescription. Patients, family members or caregivers should read the FDA-approved patient labeling before an overdose emergency occurs. Learning how to use them ahead of time may save time.

In March 2023, the FDA approved an Rx-to-OTC switch for Narcan (naloxone 4 mg) nasal spray for over-the-counter (OTC), nonprescription use. The FDA’s action now allows Narcan to be sold directly to consumers in places like drug stores, convenience stores, grocery stores and gas stations, as well as online. Narcan should be on retail shelves by late summer 2023, but Narcan Nasal Spray and naloxone is still available from the pharmacist in all 50 states without a prescription from your doctor.

How do I know if someone is having an opioid overdose?

Use naloxone right away if signs or symptoms of an opioid overdose emergency are present, even if you are not sure, because an opioid emergency can cause severe injury or death.

Call 911 immediately after giving Narcan or naloxone. The slowed breathing (CNS and respiratory depression) that can be caused by an opioid overdose can be deadly. In an overdose, opioids (narcotics) will produce various signs and symptoms such as:

• drowsiness
• extreme sedation or somnolence (inability to awaken person verbal or with a firm rub on the center of the chest)
• slowed or shallow breathing
• no breathing at all
• stupor (nearly unconscious and insensible)
• coma
• slurred speech
• clammy skin
• pinpoint pupils
• low blood pressure
• slow heart rate

The most dangerous and often fatal side effect of an opioid overdose is respiratory depression (slowed or stopped breathing). This risk is multiplied when the narcotic is combined with alcohol or other CNS depressants.

Which drugs can Narcan counteract?

If you take opioids, you should always have naloxone on hand in case of an overdose emergency. Prescription opioids are strong pain medications.

Narcan (naloxone) can reverse CNS depressant effects due to use of natural or synthetic opioids. This includes prescription opioids, certain partial or mixed agonist-antagonist analgesics, as well as street narcotics like heroin.

Naloxone has no reversal action in other types of overdoses, for example benzodiazepines like alprazolam (Xanax) or lorazepam (Ativan), sedatives such as barbiturates, amphetamines like methamphetamine, or alcohol (ethanol).

If you are with someone who has overdosed, you may not know what drug they overdosed on, or if they have consumed a mixture of substances, including alcohol. If drugs have been purchased on the street, they could contain added narcotics, benzodiazepines, amphetamines or other unknown toxic chemicals.

Always call 911 for emergency help immediately after the first dose of naloxone is given. Repeat doses of naloxone or Narcan, or larger than normal doses, may be needed.

Examples of prescription opioids (narcotics), partial agonists, or agonist-antagonist analgesics that may be involved in an overdose include:

• buprenorphine (Buprenex)
• buprenorphine transdermal system (Butrans)
• butorphanol
• codeine
• fentanyl (Actiq, Duragesic)
• hydrocodone (Hysingla ER, Zohydro ER)
• hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
• meperidine (Demerol)
• methadone (Dolophine, Methadose)
• morphine (Kadian, MS Contin, MorphaBond ER)
• nalbuphine oxycodone (Percocet, Percodan, Roxicet, Oxaydo, OxyContin, Roxicodone)
• oxymorphone
• pentazocine
• propoxyphene (no longer available in the U.S.)
• tapentadol (Nucynta, Nucynta ER)
• tramadol (Conzip, Ultram)

Related Questions

• How do I get free Narcan emergency kits?
• How long does Narcan (naloxone) block opiates?
• What are the different types of buprenorphine/naloxone?

Which products contain naloxone (Narcan)?

At one time, naloxone was primarily given by emergency first responders as an injection. Today, newer and more user-friendly naloxone products have been approved by the FDA. These include nasal sprays which can be easily kept on hand.

Names of brand name products available in the U.S. that contain naloxone as a single agent for opioid overdose include:

• Narcan Nasal Spray (naloxone) nasal spray - 4 mg per spray (now approved as an OTC product)
• Kloxxado (naloxone) nasal spray - 8 mg per spray
• Zimhi (naloxone) injection - 5 mg/0.5 mL; a single-dose, prefilled syringe and given via intramuscular or subcutaneous injection into the thigh, through clothing if necessary.

Evzio (naloxone auto-injector) and its generic equivalent has been discontinued by the manufacturer.

The injection brand name Narcan is no longer marketed, but is available as a generic option.

What happens if I give Narcan to someone who doesn’t need it?

Narcan (naloxone) given as a single medication has no pharmacologic effect in people who are not taking opioids (narcotics). Naloxone itself will not cause physical or psychological dependence and is not a controlled substance.

In any drug overdose situation, always call 911 or other emergency medical help.

Bottom Line

Narcan (naloxone) works by blocking opioid receptors in the brain and other areas of the body to help prevent severe respiratory (breathing) depression, sedation and unconsciousness due to an opioid (narcotic) overdose.

Narcan (or generic naloxone) is now available in several forms, including nasal sprays and auto-injectors. These new forms can be more easily used with limited training by the lay public to help others who are experiencing an opioid overdose. However, repeat doses may be needed as opioid actions is often longer than that of naloxone.

Narcan Nasal Spray was approved by the FDA in an RX-to-OTC switch in March 2023, and should be available on retail shelves by the end of the summer. In the meantime, you can still get Narcan Nasal or generics from your pharmacist

Naloxone can be life-saving for patients who overdose on narcotics, although in patients dependent upon opioids, it can also cause a severe withdrawal effect.

Always call 911 or other emergency responders immediately after you use naloxone for someone who has overdosed, even if they regain consciousness and appear to be breathing without trouble. Naloxone is not a substitute for medical care.

This is not all the information you need to know about Narcan (naloxone) for safe and effective use. Review the full Narcan information here, and discuss this information with your doctor or other health care provider.